Инвазионные виды / Моллюски / Potamopyrgus antipodarum J.E. Gray, 1843 - Новозеландская улитка

Систематическое положение (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species):

Animalia, Mollusca, Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha, Hydrobiidae, Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Новозеландская улитка - Potamopyrgus antipodarum J.E. Gray, 1843

Русское и английское названия. Новозеландская улитка, New Zealand mud snail, jenkins' spire shell

Синонимы. Amnicola antipodanum J. E. Gray, 1843; Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (E. A. Smith, 1889), Hydrobia jenkinsi E.A. Smith, 1889, Paludestrina jenkinsi

Нативный ареал. Новая Зеландия.

Современный ареал (мировой и конкретнее в России). Инвазионная часть ареала в Европе (Австрия, Дания, Финляндия, Франция, Германия, Греция, Италия, Голландия, Польша, Португалия, Россия, Испания, Швейцария, Великобритания), Северной Америке (оз. Онтарио, р. Колумбия), Австралии, Ираке, Турции и Японии.
В России этот вид распространен в Финском заливе Балтийского моря, Азовском и Черном морях, в низовьях Дона, найден в искусственных озерах Калининграда.

Инвазионная часть ареала P. antipodarum в Евразии. Места находок по: 1– GBIF (https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.5tfcon), 2– с дополнениями из источников – Ежова, Кочешкова, 2011; Орлова, Комендантов, 2013; Filippenko, Son, 2008.
© Проект РНФ, № 16-14-10323 (Рук. В.Г. Петросян), ИПЭЭ РАН

Пути(коридоры) и векторы (способы) интродукции. Улитка распространяется, например, с птицами и орудиями лова. Может распространяться с балластными водами. Может перемещаться как вниз по течению с потоком воды или прикрепившись к растениям, так и вверх по течению. Улитка не переваривается в желудках рыб или птиц и может перемещаться вместе с ними на большие расстояния. В Европу из Австралии предположительно была завезена в бочках с питьевой водой. Также завозилась с объектами для марикультур.

Первая находка Potamopyrgus antipodarum в Европе произошла в Англии в 1859 году. В Австралии впервые найдена в Тасмании в 1872 г., в континентальной Австралии - в 1895. В Америке найдена в 1987 году на реке Снейк, штат Айдахо, вероятно, попала туда из рыбной фермы (Bowler, 1991). В озере Онтарио обнаружена в 1991 году, в реке Колумбия (штат Орегон) - в 1997 году, куда, вероятно, занесена с балластными водами коммерческих судов (Zaranko и др., 1997). В 2000-х гг. обнаружена в Японии, Ираке и Турции.

В 1951 г. Potamopyrgus antipodarum найдена только в двух эстуариях Черного моря, и только в последние годы значительно распространилась по всей акватории. В Средиземном море впервые обнаружена у побережья Греции в 2008 г. Отмечено экспансия на восток (Ираку).

Особенности биологии. Potamopyrgus antipodarum размножаются как партеногенетически, так и половым путем. Самцы в полуляции составляют не более 5% от общей численности. Они относятся к живородящим животным, однако эмбрион не соединен плацентой с материнским организмов, а питается за счет запасов желтка, оставшегося от яйца. Среди них есть диплоидные особи, рожденные в результате полового размножения, и триплоидные формы, появившееся при партеногенетическом размножении. Одна самка может произвести в одной кладке от 20 до 120, а за год до 230 эмбрионов. Эмбрион развивается внутри яйцевой сумки до так называемой ползающей (подвижной) стадии, которая представляет собой сформированного моллюска. Далее моллюск только растет, не проходя через метаморфоз. Половой зрелости моллюски достигают при длине раковины 3 – 3,5 мм в возрасте от 6 до 9 месяцев. Максимальная продолжительность жизни составляет 2 года. Размножаются преимущественно весной и летом. В природе раздельнополые самки и самцы сосуществуют с бесполыми. Бесполое размножение приводит к более быстрому росту численности популяции, но недостатком является идентичный набор хромосом. Отсутствие вариаций в геноме делает их более уязвимыми для паразитов.

Местообитание. Улитка Potamopyrgus antipodarum обитает в пресноводных экосистемах, в солоноватых водах (Winterbourn, 1973) и даже соленой воды. Ее находят в ручьях, реках, озерах, водохранилищах, каналах, прибрежных озерах, мелководных озерах, лиманах и открытых морях. Переносит соленость от 0 до 15‰ и температуру от 0 до 34°С. Предпочитает прибрежные зоны озер и медленных рек, любит места, покрытые илом, или с макрофитами, терпима к высокой скорости потока, если есть возможность зарыться в грунт – ил или песок.

Влияние вида (на другие виды, экосистемы включая лесную и агроценозы, здоровье человека). Улитка может достигать высокой численности и наносить значительный ущерб экосистемам, влияя на их структуру и функцию. Самки могут размножаться партеногенетически, так что целая популяция может возникнуть от одной самки. В год может появиться до шести поколений, со средним числом 230 особей от одной самки в год. В районе Великих озер, улитка достигает плотности 5 600 экз. на м². Улитка в течение нескольких дней хорошо переносит высыхание. Наносит вред, поедающим ее рыбам, которые теряют в весе, если в их желудок попадает новозеландская улитка.

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Другие ссылки

https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/potamopyrgus-antipodarum/potamopyrgus-antipodarum.pdf

https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1008

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